Resumo Hymenaea martiana é uma espécie popularmente conhecida no Nordeste do Brasil como “jatobá” e usada na medicina popular para tratar a dor e a inflamação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória de H. martiana. No presente estudo, foram avaliados os efeitos do extrato etanólico bruto (Hm-EtOH) e da fração acetato de etila (Hm-AcOEt) em modelos de nocicepção e inflamação em camundongos. Foram utilizados estímulos químicos (contorções abdominais induzidas por ácido acético e teste da formalina) e estímulo térmico (teste da placa quente) para avaliação da atividade antinociceptiva, enquanto no perfil anti-inflamatório foi utilizado o teste do edema de pata induzido por carragenina e migração de leucócitos para a cavidade peritoneal. A presença do flavonoide astilbina nas amostras foi caracterizada através de análise por CLAE-DAD-EM. Hm-EtOH e o Hm-AcOEt (100, 200 e 400 mg.kg-1, i.p.) reduziram significativamente o número de contorções abdominais e diminuíram o tempo de lambida da pata no teste da formalina. No teste da placa quente, houve aumento do tempo de latência dos animais. Hm-EtOH e Hm-AcOEt inibiram significativamente o aumento do edema após a administração de carragenina, bem como inibiram a migração de leucócitos no teste de peritonite. A análise por CLAE-DAD-EM de Hm-EtOH e Hm-AcOEt revelou a presença do flavonoide astilbina nas amostras. De acordo com os resultados deste estudo, tanto Hm-EtOH quanto o Hm-AcOEt possuem atividades antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória, o que pode estar relacionado à presença do flavonoide. Os resultados reforçam o uso popular desta planta.

Abstract Hymenaea martiana is a species popularly known in Northeastern Brazil as “jatobá” and used in folk medicine to treat pain and inflammation. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of H. martiana. In the present study, we carried out an investigation about the effects of the crude ethanolic extract (Hm-EtOH) and the ethyl acetate fraction (Hm-AcOEt) in models of nociception and inflammation in mice. Chemical (acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin) and thermal stimuli (hot plate) were used for the evaluation of antinociceptive activity, while for the anti-inflammatory profile paw edema induced by carrageenan was used, along with leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity. The presence of the flavonoid astilbin in the samples was characterized through HPLC-DAD-MS analysis. Hm-EtOH and Hm-AcOEt (100, 200 and 400 mg.kg-1, i.p.) significantly reduced the number of abdominal contortions and decreased the paw licking time in the formalin test. In the hot plate, the extract increased the latency time of animals. Hm-EtOH and Hm-AcOEt inhibited significantly the increase in the edema after the administration of carrageenan. Hm-EtOH and Hm-AcOEt inhibited leukocyte migration in the peritonitis test. HPLC-DAD-MS analysis of Hm-EtOH and Hm-AcOEt revealed the presence of the flavonoid astilbin in the samples. According to the results of this study, both Hm-EtOH and Hm-AcOEt have antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, which could be related with the presence of flavonoid in the extracts. The results reinforce the popular use of this plant.

Resumen En esta investigación se planteó como objetivo caracterizar color, textura y calidad sanitaria de pan adicionado con maíz criollo y cúrcuma. Se realizaron 14 diferentes panes empleando seis tipos de maíces (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 y M6). Los principales hallazgos fueron a) El color de los maíces, harinas nixtamalizada y masas tuvieron diferencia significativa (p < 0.05) al comparar valores medios de parámetros de Luminosidad, a* y b*. Los maíces azules y rojizo M2 (37.01), M3 (44.06) y M6 (41.07) y, amarillos y amarillo-naranja M1 (21.26), M4 (15.92) y M5 (26.01) presentaron los valores inferiores en L* y superiores en b*, respectivamente. La menor diferencia en color ∆E encontrada en el proceso de transformación de maíz a harina y masa, fue para maíces amarillos. b) En el pan de maíz se encontraron diferencias significativas en variable a* al compararse el mismo tipo de pan durante tres días consecutivos, en los panes BM1, BM5 y BM6, con una disminución de 7.5, 2.6 y 16.9%, con respecto al primer día. c) La calidad sanitaria del pan de trigo mejora con la adición de maíz nixtamalizado y cúrcuma. En los panes adicionados de maíz los que presentaron menor cantidad de colonias de hongos fueron los maíces azules y rojo (M2, M3 y M6). d) La dureza del pan de maíz criollo y cúrcuma no presentó diferencias durante tres días consecutivos beneficiando su conservación. El pan de maíz amarillo y cúrcuma BM1-C mostró incrementos en la dureza en los días 2 y 3.

Abstract The objective of this research was to characterize the color, texture and sanitary quality of bread added with creole corn and turmeric. Fourteen different breads were made using six types of corn (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 and M6). The main findings were a) The color of the corn, nixtamalized flours and doughs had a significant difference (p < 0.05) when comparing mean values of Luminosity, a* and b* parameters. Blue and reddish corn M2 (37.01), M3 (44.06) and M6 (41.07) and, yellow and yellow orange M1 (21.26), M4 (15.92) and M5 (26.01) presented the lowest values in L* and highest in b*, respectively. The smallest difference in color ∆E found in the transformation process from corn to flour and dough, was for yellow corn. b) In corn bread, significant differences in variable a* were found when comparing the same type of bread for three consecutive days, in breads BM1, BM5 and BM6, with a decrease of 7.5, 2.6 and 16.9%, with respect to the first day. c) The sanitary quality of wheat bread improves with the addition of nixtamalized corn and turmeric. The blue and red corn (M2, M3 and M6) showed the lowest number of fungal colonies in the breads with corn additives. d) The hardness of the bread made with creole corn and turmeric did not show differences during three consecutive days, benefiting its conservation. The yellow corn and turmeric bread BM1-C showed increases in the hardness on days 2 and 3, and the yellow corn and turmeric bread BM1-C showed increases in the hardness on days 2 and 3.

Abstract: Introduction: Epilepsy affects 0.5 to 1% of the population. 25% of pediatric patients have drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Ketogenic Diet (KD) emerges as an effective, non-pharmacological treatment in this group. Objective: To describe the effect of KD on seizure control and nutritional status in children whit DRE. Patients and Method: We reviewed the medical records of patients with DRE treated with KD, between 2008 and 2018, evaluating age, diagnosis, number of seizures, number of antiepileptic drugs used, clinical outcomes, and complications. The KD was initiated in all patients hospitalized for a period no longer than seven days, who were evaluated for their nutritional and anthropometric sta tus, with weight and height measurements according to the clinical condition. Results: We analyzed 35 KD in 33 cases. The median age of KD initiation was 4.8 years with an interquartile range (IQR) of 2-3 to 6.8 years. Classical KD was used in 49% of patients, Modified Atkins Diet (MAD) in 37%, and Low-Glycemic Index Treatment (LGIT) in 14% of cases. The average duration was 13 months (SD 11 months). After three months of using KD, we observed at least 50% reduction of seizures in 82% (27/33) of the patients, out of these, 22.8% presented 90% or more reduction of seizures, and 20% ended up seizure-free. Adverse events were observed in 21 patients, mainly gastrointestinal (62%) and dyslipidemia (14%), without effect on height. All side effects resolved with medical ma nagement. Conclusions: KD is a useful treatment in pediatric patients with DRE without nutritional impact. The adverse events were easily controlled if the patients are evaluated by a multidisciplinary team, according to international guidelines.

Resumen: Introducción: La epilepsia afecta a 0,5% a 1% de la población, iniciándose en la infancia en el 60% de los casos. El 25% de los niños que la presentan, tienen epilepsia refractaria (ER) a fármacos antiepilépticos (FAE) y en ellos la dieta cetogénica (DC) surge como un tratamiento no farmacológico efectivo. Objeti vo: Evaluar el impacto de la DC en el número de crisis, en la calidad de vida y bienestar del paciente y su entorno. Pacientes y Método: Se revisaron los registros médicos de los pacientes con diagnóstico de ER que recibieron DC entre los años 2008 y 2018 registrando variables: edad, diagnóstico, nú mero de crisis, número de FAE, respuesta y complicaciones. La DC se inició en todos los casos con el paciente hospitalizado durante un período no mayor a siete días, en el cual se realizó evaluación nutricional antropométrica con medición de peso y talla según condición clínica. Resultados: Se analizaron 35 DC. La mediana de edad al inicio fue 4,8 años con rango intercuartil (RIC) de 2,3-6,8 años. Se utilizó DC clásica en 49% de los pacientes, Dieta Atkins Modificada en 37% y Dieta de Bajo Índice Glicémico en 14%. Su promedio de duración fue 13 meses + 11 DS meses. Luego de tres meses de iniciada la DC, la reducción de al menos un 50% de las crisis se observó en 82% de los casos, de los cuales 22,8% presentaron reducción de más de 90% y 20% quedó libre de crisis. Se registraron efectos secundarios en 21 pacientes, la mayoría gastrointestinales (62%) y dislipidemia (14%). Todos los efectos secundarios se resolvieron con manejo médico. Conclusiones: La DC es un tratamiento efectivo en pacientes pediátricos con ER y las complicaciones asociadas fueron fácilmente controla das por un equipo multidisciplinario.

Abstract Selaginella convoluta (Arn.) Spring is a species popularly known as “jericó”, and used in folk medicine as analgesic and anti-inflammatory. This study aimed to investigate in mice the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the hexane (Sc-Hex) and chloroform (Sc-CHCl3) fractions (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) obtained by partition of crude ethanol extract from S. convoluta. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the fractions was performed. Antinociceptive activity was evaluated by writhing, formalin and hot-plate tests. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan-induced pleurisy. The rota-rod test was used to evaluate motor coordination. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that the Sc-Hex and the Sc-CHCl3 were positive for the presence of flavonoids, anthracene derivatives, quinones, triterpenes and steroids. Inhibition of writhing was observed for fractions tested. The Sc-Hex at all doses tested was effective in reducing the nociceptive behavior produced by formalin only in the second phase. However, the Sc-CHCl3 decreased the paw licking time in the first and second phases. In the hot plate no significant effect was observed for any fraction. In the rota-rod test, treated mice did not demonstrate any significant motor performance changes. In the carrageenan-induced pleurisy, Sc-CHCl3 (200 mg/kg) reduced cell migration to the pleural cavity. These results reveal the antinociceptive properties of S. convoluta , which support, in part, its traditional use, since the fractions did not presented significant activity in the inflammatory response profile. We further verify that this antinociceptive effect could be by activation of nociceptive peripheral pathway.

Resumo Selaginella convoluta é uma espécie popularmente conhecida como “jericó”, e usada na medicina popular como analgésica e anti-inflamatória. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar em camundongos as atividades antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória das frações hexânica (Sc-Hex) e clorofórmica (Sc-CHCl3) (100, 200 e 400 mg/kg) obtidas por partição do extrato etanólico bruto de S. convoluta . A análise fitoquímica preliminar das frações foi realizada. A atividade antinociceptiva foi avaliada pelos testes de contorções abdominais, formalina e placa quente. A atividade anti-inflamatória foi avaliada usando pleurisia induzida por carragenina. O teste do rota-rod foi utilizado para avaliar a coordenação motora. A triagem fitoquímica preliminar mostrou que Sc-Hex e Sc-CHCl3 apresentaram reação positiva para a presença de flavonoides, derivados antracênicos, quinonas, triterpenos e esteroides. A inibição das contorções foi observada para as frações testadas. Sc-Hex em todas as doses testadas foi efetivo na redução do comportamento nociceptivo produzido pela formalina somente na segunda fase. No entanto, Sc-CHCl3 diminuiu o tempo de lambida da pata na primeira e segunda fases. Na placa quente, nenhum efeito significativo foi observado para qualquer fração. No teste do rota-rod os camundongos tratados não demonstraram mudanças significativas na coordenação motora. Na pleurisia induzida por carragenina, Sc-CHCl3 (200 mg/kg) reduziu a migração celular para a cavidade pleural. Estes resultados revelam a propriedade antinociceptiva de S. convoluta, justificando, em parte, seu uso tradicional, uma vez que os extratos não apresentaram atividade significativa no perfil de resposta inflamatória. Verificamos ainda que esse efeito antinociceptivo mostrou-se ligado à ativação da via periférica nociceptiva.

BACKGROUND Since the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to be a pandemic infection, important severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) non-structural proteins (nsp) have been analysed as promising targets in virtual screening approaches. Among these proteins, 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease (3CLpro), also named main protease, and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), have been identified as fundamental targets due to its importance in the viral replication stages. OBJECTIVES To investigate, in silico, two of the most abundant flavonoid glycosides from Dysphania ambrosioides; a medicinal plant found in many regions of the world, along with some of the putative derivatives of these flavonoid glycosides in the human organism as potential inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and RdRp. METHODS Using a molecular docking approach, the interactions and the binding affinity with SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and RdRp were predicted for quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (nicotiflorin) and some of their glucuronide and sulfate derivatives. FINDINGS Docking analysis, based on the crystal structure of 3CLpro and RdRp, indicated rutin, nicotiflorin, and their glucuronide and sulfate derivatives as potential inhibitors for both proteins. Also, the importance of the hydrogen bond and π-based interactions was evidenced for the presumed active sites. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results suggest that both flavonoid glycosides and their putative human metabolites can play a key role as inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and RdRp. Obviously, further researches, mainly in vitro and in vivo experiments, are necessary to certify the docking results reported here, as well as the adequate application of these substances. Furthermore, it is necessary to investigate the risks of D. ambrosioides as a phytomedicine for use against COVID-19.

Abstract: The study deals with the relationship among the knowledge about a territory that someone belongs to, from a sociopolitical perspective, the identity associated with the environmental aspects (Ecological regional identity), and socio-identity believe such as the regionalism and the essentialism. A total of 300 volunteers, who live in Austral Patagonia, participated answering instruments about general knowledge related to the Antarctica, ecological regional identity, regionalism, and essentialism. The results show that although the identification of the Antarctic as part of the own social identity resulted to be linked to the knowledge about the territory, the socio-identity variables show to be stronger. The results are discussed around the relative importance of the emotional and cognitive factors in the construction of the social identity linked with the territory.

Resumen: El estudio se ocupa de la relación entre el conocimiento de un territorio al que se pertenece desde una perspectiva sociopolítica, la identidad asociada a los aspectos ambientales (Identidad Regional Ecológica), y variables socio-identitarias tales como el regionalismo y el esencialismo. Un total de 300 voluntarios habitantes de la Patagonia Austral participaron respondiendo instrumentos sobre conocimiento general respecto de la Antártica, identidad regional ecológica, regionalismo y esencialismo. Los resultados señalan que aunque la identificación de lo antártico como parte de la propia identidad social resultó vinculada al conocimiento sobre este territorio, las variables socio-identitarias mostraron vinculaciones más fuertes. Se discuten los resultados en torno a la importancia relativa de los factores emocionales y cognitivos en la construcción de la identidad social vinculada con el territorio.

Resumo Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar as atividades antibacteriana, citotóxica e antioxidante de extratos de Morus nigra L. HPLC foi utilizado para determinar o perfil de compostos fenólicos do extrato etanólico bruto (Mn-EtOH). O efeito antibacteriano foi avaliado através do método de microdiluição. A citotoxicidade foi testada contra linhagens celulares de tumores humanos utilizando o ensaio do brometo de 3-(4,5-dimetil-2-tiazolil)-2,5-difenil-2H-tetrazólio (MTT). O conteúdo total de compostos fenólicos e flavonoides também foi avaliado por meio dos métodos de Folin-Ciocalteu e cloreto de alumínio, respectivamente. A atividade antioxidante dos extratos foi avaliada por meio do sequestro do radical livre 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) e co-oxidação do sistema β-caroteno-ácido linoleico. A presença de compostos fenólicos em Mn-EtOH foi confirmada utilizando HPLC. Os extratos mostraram atividade contra a maioria dos microrganismos testados. Os extratos não mostraram qualquer efeito antiproliferativo expressivo na avaliação da citotoxicidade. O conteúdo fenólico total mais significativo foi de 153,00 ± 11,34 mg de equivalente de ácido gálico/g para o extrato acetato de etila (AcOEt). O conteúdo de flavonoides totais foi de 292,50 ± 70,34 mg de equivalente de catequina/g para o extrato AcOEt, que apresentou a melhor atividade antioxidante (IC50 50,40 ± 1,16 mg/mL) para o sequestro do DPPH. Podemos concluir que esta espécie apresenta forte atividade antibacteriana e antioxidante, bem como fraca atividade citotóxica.

Abstract This study was carried out to assess the antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of extracts of Morus nigra L. HPLC was used to determine the fingerprint chromatogram of the crude ethanolic extract (Mn-EtOH). The antibacterial effect was assessed through the method of microdilution. The cytotoxicity was tested against human tumour cell lines using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also assessed through the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging and β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching methods. The presence of phenolic compounds in Mn-EtOH was confirmed using HPLC. The extracts showed activity against most microorganisms tested. The extracts did not show any expressive antiproliferative effect in the assessment of cytotoxicity. The most significant total phenolic content was 153.00 ± 11.34 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g to the ethyl acetate extract (AcOEt). The total flavonoid content was 292.50 ± 70.34 mg of catechin equivalent/g to the AcOEt extract, which presented the best antioxidant activity (IC50 50.40 ± 1.16 μg/mL) for DPPH scavenging. We can conclude that this species shows strong antibacterial and antioxidant activities, as well as weak cytotoxic effects.

En los pacientes con fibrosis quística (FQ) el íleo meconial, el síndrome de obstrucción distal y la constipación conforman un grupo de manifestaciones gastrointestinales con una gravedad variable como consecuencia del incremento en la viscosidad del moco y el tiempo prolongado del tránsito intestinal. El grupo de trabajo de fibrosis quística de la Sociedad Europea de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica realizó un consenso en 2010 y definió el síndrome de obstrucción intestinal distal (DIOS) como un cuadro agudo de obstrucción intestinal que puede ser completo o incompleto. El DIOS completo se define como un cuadro de vómito bilioso y/o niveles hidroaéreos en el intestino delgado observados en la radiografía de abdomen, masa fecal a nivel ileocecal, y dolor y/o distensión abdominal; el incompleto se define como el cuadro de dolor abdominal y/o distensión y masa fecal a nivel ileocecal, pero sin los otros signos de obstrucción completa. La frecuencia de presentación de esta entidad en pacientes con FQ es variable y depende de las definiciones utilizadas; se ha considerado que la prevalencia va del 7% a 8% en niños y en adultos puede ser tan alta como de 23,3 episodios por 1000 pacientes/año, con una prevalencia que varía entre el 14% y el 16%. Dadas las dificultades que se presentan en estos pacientes para definir y establecer el diagnóstico, quisimos ilustrar este síndrome con 2 niños que consultaron a nuestra institución; además, se realizó una revisión del tema para generar sensibilización sobre el diagnóstico temprano y su manejo

Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) have greater than normal mucosal viscosity and prolonged intestinal transit times which can result in meconium ileus, distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (DIOS) and constipation of varying severity. The cystic fibrosis working group of the European Society of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Pediatric Nutrition produced a consensus in 2010 that defined distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (DIOS) as acute intestinal obstruction which may be complete or incomplete. Fully developed DIOS is defined as bilious vomiting and/or sufficient amounts of fluid and air in the small intestine to be observed in an abdominal X-ray, a fecal mass in the ileocecal area, pain and/or bloating. Incomplete DIOS is defined as abdominal pain and/or bloating and fecal mass in the ileocecal area, but without the other signs of complete obstruction. The incidence of this condition in cystic fibrosis patients varies. Depending on the definition used, the prevalence of DIOS has been measured between 7% and 8% in children with cystic fibrosis, but has been reported to be as high as 23.3 episodes per 1,000 patients per year for adult cystic fibrosis patients with a prevalence ranging between 14% and 16%. Given the difficulties of establishing this diagnosis in these patients, we wanted to illustrate this syndrome with two children who were treated in our institution and to review this subject in order to generate awareness about early diagnosis and management.

Este trabajo reporta la síntesis y la caracterización de un óxido tipo La0,8Sr0,2MnO3, usando una ruta de síntesis de química húmeda, con la cual fue obtenido un material cerámico con propiedades fisicoquímicas y características estructurales de gran importancia para aplicación como componente electródico para uso en pilas de combustible de óxido sólido (SOFC). El material sintetizado se caracterizó por difracción de rayos X (XRD), obteniéndose un material con estructura tipo perovskita. Los resultados derivados de microscopia electrónica de transmisión de alta resolución (HRTEM) confirmaron la obtención de sólidos de morfología regular orientados de forma preferente en el plano (1 1 2), con distancias interplanares d calculadas de 0,25 nm con base en los resultados de HRTEM y XRD. La composición del material La0,8Sr0,2MnO3 fue determinada mediante microanálisis de rayos X por energía dispersiva (EDX), indicando una buena concordancia entre la composición propuesta y obtenida. Los valores de área superficial y volumen de poro medidos por el método BET permiten indicar que el material preserva sus características superficiales y texturales en función del método de síntesis utilizado.

This paper reports the synthesis and characterization of an oxide type La0.8Sr0.2MnO3, using a wet chemistry route, which allows to obtain a ceramic material with physicochemical properties and structural characteristics of relevant importance for application as an electrode component for use in solid oxide fuel cells devices (SOFC). The synthesized material was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), obtaining a material with perovskite structure. Results from High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), confirm the synthesis of a solid with regular morphology preferentially oriented in the (1 1 2) plane, with d spacing calculated of about 0.25 nm based on the results of HRTEM and XRD. The La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 composition was determined by X-ray microanalysis by energy dispersive (EDX), indicating a good agreement between the proposed and obtained composition. Surface area and pore volume measured by BET method would suggest that the material maintain their textural and surface characteristics depending on the synthesis method used.

This study evaluates the non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) and the occlusal tooth wear in a pre-Columbian sample (n= 67, adults) from San Pedro de Atacama (North of Chile, 400-1300 BCE). The cervical regions of tooth were observed for loss of enamel and/or dentine in order to identify them as NCCLs and the tooth wear was characterized by the Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE) index. None of the individuals analyzed presented NCCLs, whereas the 98.5% (66/67) of them showed occlusal wear. The mean BEWE index was 2.5, indicating severe dental wear (3 being the highest possible score of BEWE). This lack of relation among severe tooth wear and NCCLs gives support to the idea of loss of crown height reduces cervical stress and develop of NCCLs in archaeological populations.

Este estudio evalúa las lesiones cervicales no cariosas (NCCLs) y el desgaste dental oclusal en una muestra precolombina (n= 67, adultos) de San Pedro de Atacama (Norte de Chile, 400-1300 AEC). Se analizó la perdida de esmalte y/o dentina en las áreas cervicales de los dientes con el propósito de identificarlas como NCCLs y el desgaste dental fue evaluado según el índice Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE). Ninguno de los individuos analizados presentó NCCLs, mientras el 98,5% (66/67) de ellos mostró desgaste oclusal. El promedio del índice BEWE fue de 2,5, indicando severo desgaste dental (siendo 3 el puntaje más alto posible). La falta de relación entre severo desgaste dental y NCCLs apoya la idea que la pérdida de altura de las coronas reduce el estrés cervical y el desarrollo de NCCLs en poblaciones arqueológicas.

Photothermal techniques have been used to characterize the thermal and optical parameters of different homogeneous materials. Among these techniques the photopyroelectric and photoacoustic microscopy have been applied for obtaining superficial and in-depth thermal images of several materials with the possibility to obtain sub-superficial characteristics by changing the modulation frequency of the incident light on the sample under study. In the present research the thermal image of a non-homogeneous material such as a biological object, in this case a maize seed was obtained by photopyroelectric microscopy. The differences in the seed structural components were observed through its thermal image obtained from the photopyroelectric signal when the modulated light is scanned on the pyroelectric sensor, which is in good thermal contact with the sample. A scale of colors is used to represent the different values of the photopyroelectric signal, as a function of the scan coordinates, which allows observing better the seed components. The differences of photopyroelectric signal are caused by the inhomogeneities in the optical and thermal properties of the material which locally constituting the sample. In the case of this study the sample was an infected seed with "Palomilla" (Ostrinia nubilalis) plague and the thermal image shows the damage at the interior of the maize seed due to this plague.

Diversos materiales homogéneos han sido estudiados mediante técnicas fototérmicas, con la finalidad de caracterizarlos en los parámetros térmicos y ópticos. De estas técnicas la Microscopia Fotoacústica y Fotopiroeléctrica se han aplicado para la obtención de imágenes térmicas a nivel superficial y a profundidad de diversos materiales con la posibilidad de detallar al interior del material, dependiendo de la frecuencia de modulación de la luz que incide sobre la muestra. En el presente estudio se obtuvo la imagen térmica, mediante Microscopía Fotopiroeléctrica, de un objeto biológico que presenta una no-homogeneidad como lo es la semilla de maíz. Las diferencias en las estructuras componentes de la semilla pudo ser observada a través de su imagen térmica, en donde se puede hacer una interpretación de esta mediante una escala de colores que se obtiene de las diferencias de potencial de la señal fotopiroeléctrica al realizarse el barrido sobre el sensor piroeléctrico que está en contacto con la muestra. Estas diferencias de señal fotopiroeléctrica son causadas por variaciones del tipo de material que constituyen localmente la muestra y que presentan diferencias en sus parámetros térmicos. En el caso de este estudio la muestra fue una semilla infectada por plaga palomilla (Ostrinia nubilalis) y la imagen térmica muestra el daño producido en el interior de la semilla de maíz por esta plaga.

One of the main concerns in the cities ofdeveloping countries is the coexistence of environmental pollution, malnutrition and overweight. The city of Temuco is highly polluted and the range of circulating lead of their inhabitants is unknown. The objective of this work was to study the potential association between blood lead concentration and body composition in young women (n=45) living in the city of Temuco, which were exposed permanently to wood smoke. Blood lead concentration was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace (AAS-GF) and the body composition was determined by isotopic dilution (deuterium). All participants presented high percentage offat mass (FM) and 66.7% of them had blood lead levels over the accepted international limits (5µgldl; EPA; USA), although lower than the Chilean normative (40µgldl), which were not correlated with the % of FM. The high percentage of overweight and obesity together with the lead blood levels found in this study constitute risk factors that may affect health and life quality of the participants in the medium term.

Uno de los problemas más frecuentes en las ciudades de países en desarrollo es la coexistencia de polución ambiental, malnutrición y sobrepeso. La ciudad de Temuco posee una elevada contaminación ambiental y se desconoce el rango de las concentraciones de plomo circulante en la población. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la concentración de plomo sanguíneo en mujeres temuquenses expuestas a humo de leña doméstico en forma continua (n=45), y su posible asociación con la composición corporal. La concentración sanguínea de plomo fue analizada por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica con horno de grafito (AAS-GF), y la composición corporal se determinó por el método de dilución isotópica (deuterio). Todas las mujeres participantes registraron elevados porcentajes de masa grasa (MG) y un 66.7% de ellas registró concentraciones de plomo sanguíneo sobre los niveles aceptados internacionalmente (5 μg/dl; EPA; USA), aunque bajo la normativa chilena (40 μg/dl), los que no se correlacionaron con el % de MG. El elevado porcentaje de sobrepeso y obesidad junto a los niveles de plomo observados en este estudio constituyen factores de riesgo que afectarán en un mediano plazo la salud y calidad de vida de las participantes.

Este trabalho apresenta um modelo numérico para análise tridimensional de estruturas de concreto armado submetidas a cargas monótonas. O modelo proposto para o concreto é um modelo ortotrópico e utiliza o conceito de deformação uniaxial equivalente. A relação tensão-deformação uniaxial equivalente é generalizada para levar em consideração as condições triaxiais de tensão. Os parâmetros usados na curva tensão-deformação uniaxial equivalente são determinados a partir da superfície de ruptura definida no espaço de tensões principais. Também, implementouse um modelo de armadura incorporada para representar as barras de armadura. Por fim, apresentam-se resultados comparativos com ensaios experimentais e analíticos para demonstrar a validade do modelo numérico.

This work presents a numerical model for 3D analyses through the finite element method of reinforced concrete structures subjected to monotonic loads. The proposed model for concrete is orthotropic and uses the equivalent uniaxial strain concept. The equivalent uniaxial stress-strain relation is generalized to take into account the triaxial stress conditions. The parameters used in the equivalent uniaxial stress-strain curve are determined from the failure surface defined in the principal stress space. The implementation in finite elements is based on the consideration of smeared cracks with cracks rotating according to the directions of the principal stresses. Also, an embedded reinforcement model was implemented to represent existent reinforcing bars. Finally, some results are compared with experimental data from the literature to demonstrate the validity of the numerical model developed.

Introduction: Assessment of body composition is paramount in early assessment of nutritional status impairments due to excess or deficit. There are, however, few field reliable methods for this objective for patients with chronic renal failure (CRF.). Objective: To assess the reliability of the estimations of body composition by different methods as compared to dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) as the gold standard method in patients with CRF and on regular chronic haemodialysis. Patients and methods: We assessed body composition in 30 haemodialysis patients (46.9 ± 15.1 years (18-76); BMI 25.9 ± 5.7 kg/m² (18.1-41.5)), observing agreement in the percentage of fat mass (%FM) between the sum of the 4 folds (SP; calibrator Lange®) and bioimpedantiometry by using different equations (BIA; Biodynamics® 450) versus DEXA (Lunar DPX-L). Results: (X ± SD) By BMI, 3 subjects had low weight (10%), 14 normal weight (46.7%), 7 overweight (23.3%), and 6 obesity (20%). The %FM with SP (30.7 ± 7.1%) significantly differed from DEXA (27.3 ± 10.3%; p < 0.001). With BIA there was a significant difference in %FM with the Deurenberg and Formica equations. The %FM obtained with the manufacturer's equations (Segal, Lukaski and Kyle) did not show a significant difference from DEXA. With Kyle's equation we observed a better agreement (difference with DEXA: -0.58 ± 4.2%). Conclusions: We found a low percentage of patients with low weight as compared to previous studies. The skin folds show low reliability to estimate the fat mass. The bioimpedantiometry, using Kile's equation may be a good filed method to assess haemodialysis patients.

Introducción: La evaluación de la composición corporal es de gran importancia en la pesquisa temprana de alteraciones en el estado nutricional por déficit o por exceso, sin embargo existen pocos métodos de campo confiables para este objetivo en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC). Objetivo: Evaluar la confiabilidad de estimaciones de composición corporal con distintos métodos en comparación con absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía (DEXA) como método de referencia, en pacientes portadores de IRC sometidos a hemodiálisis crónica periódica. Pacientes y métodos: Se evaluó la composición corporal en 30 pacientes en hemodiálisis (46,9 ± 15,1 años (18-76); IMC 25,9 ± 5,7 kg/m² (18,1-41,5)), observando la concordancia en el porcentaje de masa grasa (%MG) entre sumatoria de 4 pliegues (SP; calibrador Lange®) y bioimpedanciometría usando distintas ecuaciones (BIA; Biodynamics® 450) contra DEXA (Lunar DPX-L). Resultados: (X ± DE) Según IMC, 3 individuos tenían bajo peso (10%), 14 normopeso (46,7%), 7 sobrepeso (23,3%) y 6 obesidad (20%). El %MG con SP (30,7 ± 7,1%) difirió significativamente de DEXA (27,3 ± 10,3%; p < 0,001). Para BIA hubo diferencia significativa en %MG con ecuaciones de Deurenberg y Formica. El %MG obtenido con ecuaciones del equipo, de Segal, Lukaski y Kyle, no mostró diferencia significativa con DEXA. Con Kyle se observó la mejor concordancia (diferencia con DEXA: -0,58 ± 4,2%). Conclusiones: Se encontró un bajo porcentaje de pacientes con bajo peso con respecto a estudios previos. Los pliegues cutáneos muestran una baja confiabilidad para estimar la masa grasa. La bioimpedanciometría, utilizando la ecuación de Kyle, podría ser un buen método de campo para la evaluación de pacientes en hemodiálisis.